Senate Democrats refused to advance the House-passed funding bill, effectively ensuring the federal government will shut down at midnight.
The vote was 55 to 45 and needed 60 votes to pass.
Sens. John Fetterman (D-PA), Catherine Cortez Masto (D-NV) and Angus King (I-ME) joined all Republicans except Sen. Rand Paul (R-KY) in voting in favor.